Which antibiotics are known to have teratogenic effects?

Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are known to have teratogenic effects. Tetracyclines can affect bone and dental development in the fetus, leading to potential discoloration of teeth and stunted bone growth. Fluoroquinolones have also been associated with concerns regarding cartilage development in the growing fetus, which raises questions regarding their safety during pregnancy.

Aminoglycosides are associated with ototoxicity and potential nephrotoxicity in the neonate, but they do not have direct teratogenic effects. Sulfonamides, particularly when used in the third trimester, can displace bilirubin from albumin, leading to kernicterus in newborns, which is a form of toxicity but doesn't classify under traditional teratogenic effects.

By contrast, penicillins and cephalosporins are typically considered safe during pregnancy and do not exhibit teratogenic effects. Similarly, macrolides and lincosamides, while generally safe, do not have significant teratogenic associations. Carbapenems and monobactams also have a strong safety profile during pregnancy and have not been linked to teratogenicity. Thus, option B stands out due to the specific known risks associated