What phrase encompasses the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

The phrase "stones, bones, groans, psychic overtones" is a classic mnemonic that encapsulates the characteristic signs and symptoms associated with hypercalcemia.

The "stones" refer to kidney stones, which can occur due to elevated calcium levels leading to calcium precipitation in the kidneys. "Bones" relates to the bone pain and increased risk of fractures due to calcium resorption from bones as the body tries to manage high calcium levels. The term "groans" indicates gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, constipation, and abdominal discomfort that patients may experience. Lastly, "psychic overtones" highlights the neuropsychiatric manifestations, which can include confusion, lethargy, depression, and other mood disturbances resulting from high calcium levels affecting the nervous system.

Other options describe various conditions or symptoms that do not succinctly summarize the hallmark features of hypercalcemia. For instance, symptoms described in the fatigue, weakness, and weight loss option may be associated with numerous other systemic diseases, and the abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting can describe gastrointestinal illnesses or infections. The chest pain, dyspnea, and syncope option may point towards cardiovascular or pulmonary issues rather than directly correlating with hypercalcemia. Thus, the mnemonic captures the wide-ranging