What are some common side effects associated with corticosteroids?

Corticosteroids are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, but they come with a range of potential side effects due to their effects on various physiological systems. The correct answer highlights acute mania and osteoporosis as common side effects, both of which are well-documented in the literature.

Acute mania can occur in susceptible individuals, particularly those with a history of mood disorders, following corticosteroid treatment. This is thought to be related to corticosteroids' influence on mood-regulating neurotransmitters in the brain.

Osteoporosis is another significant concern when using corticosteroids, especially with long-term treatment. Corticosteroids lead to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption, ultimately reducing bone density and increasing the risk of fractures. Patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy are often monitored for bone health and may require treatments like bisphosphonates to mitigate these risks.

In contrast, the first option mentions hypoglycemia, which is generally not associated with corticosteroid usage; instead, corticosteroids tend to raise blood glucose levels. Insomnia is a potential side effect, but it does not carry the same level of risk or significance as the other mentioned conditions. The third option, respiratory depression and bradycardia, are generally not