What are common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, often experience extraintestinal manifestations due to the systemic nature of the disease. Among these manifestations, uveitis (inflammation of the uvea in the eye) is commonly associated with IBD, as it can occur in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, often correlating with disease activity.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is another significant extraintestinal manifestation linked particularly with ulcerative colitis. PSC involves inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts and can lead to liver disease. The association between IBD and PSC is well established, with the presence of PSC suggesting underlying IBD, especially in the context of ulcerative colitis.

These two conditions—uveitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis—are frequently cited in the medical literature as manifestations of IBD, which supports the choice of this answer. In contrast, the other combinations listed involve diseases or conditions that are not commonly associated with IBD, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatitis herpetiformis. Therefore, the selection of uveitis and primary sclerosing chol